The Part of this article is as follows.
Introduction to Optical Fiber Communications and How does Optical Fiber Communications Works ✔
Light and its Fundamentals ✅
What a Optical Fiber Cable is and its Construction
Optical Fiber Transmission Setup
Interfacing Optical Fiber Transmission with Arduino
Optical Fiber Communication with Arduino to Arduino and NodeMCU ESP8266
Light and its Fundamentals
Light is made up of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. This radiation is made up of different wavelengths, which we see as different colors. The human eye can see a small portion of this electromagnetic spectrum, which we call visible light.
Visible light is made up of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet light. Each of these colors has a different wavelength. Red light has the longest wavelength, while violet light has the shortest wavelength. Light waves travel through the air and are absorbed and reflected by objects. When light waves hit an object, some of the waves are reflected off the object. This is how we see objects. The color of an object is determined by the wavelength of light that is reflected off of the object. For example, a red object reflects red light and absorbs all other colors. White objects reflect all colors, while black objects absorb all colors. Light is essential for us to see the world around us. Without it, we would be in complete darkness. It can be used to communicate, to signal danger, to illuminate dark areas, and to provide warmth. It can also be used for medical purposes, such as in lasers and x-rays.
When a lamp is turned on, it gives us light. Apart from this, there are other light sources such as candles, fluorescent tube lights, LEDs and the sun etc. Light travels in all directions from the light-emitting object. The light traveling in any one direction in a straight line is called a ray of light. A group of light rays given out from a source is called a beam of light.
Suppose we have a light source such as a light bulb and a light ray from it hits an object surface. Now what will happen
Reflection of Light:
Reflection is the act of reflecting something back at itself. In physics, reflection occurs when a wave hits an object, bounces off, and returns to its original position. This can happen for many reasons, but most often it happens when light hits a shiny surface like metal or water.
A mirror is a perfect example of how reflection works. The process of reflection occurs when light tries to pass from one medium to another and is bounced back by that medium. When we talk about reflection, we are talking about how light bounces off surfaces. There are two types of reflections: specular and diffuse. Specular reflections happen when the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and there is no change in brightness or color. Diffuse reflections happen when the angles are not equal, and there is a change in brightness and color. Here I have mentioned two terms angle of incidence and angle of reflection, let's understand them in simple terms.
Reflection is the bouncing back of a light ray when it strikes a smooth surface.
If we draw a line that goes straight up at 90 degrees to the mirror surface, is called the normal and a ray of light that hits mirror surface is called incident ray. The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal is called angle of incidence. The angle which the reflected ray makes with the normal is called angle of reflection. The law of reflection states that when light strikes a mirror, it will be reflected off at an equal but opposite angle to the original ray.
Refraction of Light:
Refraction is similar, except instead of bouncing back, the wave bends around the object. You may have seen refraction happen when looking at water droplets on a window. When light passes through the glass, it changes direction due to the different density of air inside and outside the glass. Refraction can be seen when looking at a stick that is partially submerged in water, since the stick appears to bend at the surface of the water.
In other and simpler words, Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another OR When light moves from one medium to another it changes speed and direction. That change in direction is called refraction.
The amount of bending depends on the wavelength of the light, the angle at which it strikes the object, and the composition of the object. When a light passes from one medium to another, the light may change speed. The speed of light in a vacuum is about 299,792 kilometers per second (186,282 miles per second). The speed of light in water is about 225,000 kilometers per second (140,000 miles per second), and in glass it is about 199,000 kilometers per second (124,000 miles per second).
There are many different types of mediums that light can travel through. Some of these mediums are denser than others, and some are less dense. The amount of density of a medium will affect how the light travels through it. For example, light will travel more slowly through a denser medium. This is because the denser medium will have more particles that the light has to interact with. This interaction will cause the light to slow down.
On the other hand, light will travel more quickly through a less dense medium. This is because there are fewer particles for the light to interact with. This means that the light will not be slowed down as much, and will be able to travel faster. When light passes from a denser medium to a less dense medium, the light is refracted towards the normal. When light passes from a less dense medium to a denser medium, the light is refracted away from the normal.
Light is refracted only when it hits a medium at an angle, so if light goes straight (angle of 90° or along the normal) down into a substance it will continue to move straight down.
The index of refraction is a number that describes how light bends when it passes through a material. The higher the index of refraction, the more the light bends. The index of refraction is used to calculate the amount of bending that happens when light passes through a material. The index of refraction is also used to calculate the speed of light in a material. To calculate the index of refraction, you need to know the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in the material. The index of refraction is then equal to the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in the material.
Here is a simple example:
Suppose the speed of light in a vacuum is 3.00 x 10^8 meters per second. And suppose the speed of light in a material is 2.00 x 10^8 meters per second. Then the index of refraction is 3.00 x 10^8 meters per second divided by 2.00 x 10^8 meters per second, which equals 1.50.
This example shows that the index of refraction is a number that is greater than 1
Total Interna Reflection:
The critical angle is the angle of incidence at which light is no longer refracted, but is instead reflected. This angle is dependent on the index of refraction of the material; the higher the index of refraction, the smaller the critical angle. When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the light is said to be "total internal reflected." Total internal reflection is what allows for fiber optic cables to work. Light is injected into one end of the cable at a low angle of incidence. The light then bounces around inside the cable, undergoing total internal reflection at the interfaces between the core and cladding. This process continues until the light reaches the other end of the cable, where it is then emitted.
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